Malunga noMbhali
UGqr. Liu Wei, uMlawuli we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone
I-PhD kwiSayensi yeZinto eziBalulekileyo ngokuchwetheza kubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kwamatye. Iphuhlise iindlela zokusebenza zemveliso ezixutyiweyo ezidibanisa ukukrola kwendabuko kunye nokuzisebenzela kwe-CNC kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezingaphezu kwe-180. Ipapashe uphando malunga neepateni zokunxiba izixhobo ekuchwethezeni amatye kwiJournal of Materials Processing Technology.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ze-TL;DR
- Izicelo zamatye emyuziyam zifuna ukuqina okumangalisayo ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nezigidi zeendwendwe zonyaka ngelixa zigcina ubuhle bazo bucocekile
- Ukukhethwa kwamatye kwiimyuziyam kufuneka kulungelelanise iimfuno zolondolozo kunye nombono woyilo lwezakhiwo
- Umgangatho, udonga, kunye nomphezulu womboniso nganye ifuna iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zamatye kunye neendlela zokwenza izinto
- Iindlela zokugcinwa kwezakhiwo zeemyuziyam zahluke kakhulu kulondolozo lwamatye kwiindawo zorhwebo okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala.
Ukusetyenziswa kweMyuziyam Stone: Indibaniselwano egqibeleleyo yokuqina kunye nobugcisa
IiMyuziyam zibonelela ngenye yezona ndawo zinzima kakhulu kwilitye lendalo kuyilo lwezakhiwo zorhwebo. Ezi ziko kufuneka zilungiselele amakhulu amawaka ukuya kwizigidi zeendwendwe minyaka le ngelixa zigcina inkangeleko entle kwaye zikhusela iingqokelela ezixabisekileyo. Ilitye elisetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemyuziyam kufuneka lihlangabezane neemfuno eziphikisanayo: kufuneka lihlale ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuqhubeke ukuhamba kwabantu kodwa licocwe ngokwaneleyo ukuhambelana nemisebenzi yobugcisa exabisekileyo. Ngokutsho kwe-American Alliance of Museums, inani labatyeleli kumaziko amakhulu lidlula izigidi ezibini ngonyaka, nto leyo ebeka iimfuno ezingaqhelekanga kwizixhobo zokwakha.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha amatye kwiindawo ezikwiMyuziyam
Ukukhethwa kwamatye kwizicelo zemyuziyam kuqala ngovavanyo lweepateni zendlela, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo, kunye neemfuno zolondolozo. Izinto zomgangatho kufuneka zimelane nokuhamba kweenyawo okurhabaxa ngenxa yezihlangu zasezitalatweni ngaphandle kokubonisa iipateni zokuguguleka kwisithuba seenyanga. I-Getty Conservation Institute icebisa ukuba izinto zomgangatho wemyuziyam zifikelele kwinqanaba elincinci lokumelana nokuguguleka komthamo we-25mm³ ngovavanyo lwe-ASTM C241, umgangatho ohlangatyezwa yi-granite exineneyo kunye neemabula ezithile.
Uvakalelo lokufuma lolunye uphawu olubalulekileyo. Iimyuziyam zigcina umswakama ophakathi kwama-40% nama-60% ukuze kugcinwe ukuqokelelwa, uluhlu olunokuchaphazela uzinzo lwamatye ngokuhamba kwexesha. Amatye aneembobo eziphezulu, njengeelitye zelitye kunye neetravertine ezithile, anokufunxa umswakama ovela ekucoceni nasekufumeni komoya, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudayini okanye efflorescence. Iigranite kunye neequartzite ezineembobo eziphantsi zibonelela ngozinzo olukhulu phantsi kweemeko zolawulo lwemozulu yemyuziyam.
Ilitye Lomgangatho WeeGalleries Zikawonke-wonke Ezinabantu Abahamba Ngezithuthi Ezininzi
Iifloor zegalari zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na imyuziyam.Iinketho zeslab yelitye lendaloKwimigangatho yemyuziyam kufuneka kulinganiswe ukuhambelana kobuhle kunye nokutshintshwa. Iithayile zamatye ezinkulu ezinemigca emincinci ye-grout zenza iindawo ezingenamthungo ezikhokelela ingqalelo yabakhenkethi kwimiboniso endaweni yokubeka phantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ukukwazi ukutshintsha iithayile ezonakeleyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izinto ezikufutshane kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwisicwangciso sokufakela.
Ukuqina kwelitye kuchaphazela zombini ukumelana nokuguguleka kunye nokugcinwa. I-marble, enobunzima be-Mohs obuyi-3–4, iya kubonisa iipateni zokuhamba ngeenyawo ngokuhamba kwexesha ngaphandle kokuba ikhuselwe ngeengqimba ze-wax ezibi okanye ukuphoswa rhoqo. I-granite, kwi-Mohs 6–7, igcina umphezulu wayo ugqityiwe phantsi kwezithuthi ezininzi kangangeminyaka. I-National Gallery eLondon kunye ne-Metropolitan Museum of Art eNew York zombini zichaza i-granite kwiindawo eziphambili zokusasazwa koluntu, zigcina i-marble yokugquma iikholamu kunye nezinto zokuhombisa eludongeni.
I-coefficient of friction (COF) yelitye lomgangatho wemyuziyam kufuneka ihambelane nemigangatho yokufikeleleka ngelixa igcina inkangeleko ekhazimlisiweyo efunwa bubuhle bemyuziyam. UMthetho waseMelika oKhubazekileyo ufuna ubuncinci be-COF engashukumiyo ye-0.6 kwiindawo ezilinganayo. Ukugqitywa kwelitye elicwengileyo kufezekisa lo mda ngelixa kugcinwa inkangeleko ecocekileyo efanelekileyo kumaziko enkcubeko.
Ukugqunywa kodonga lwamatye kunye nokugqitywa kwekholamu
Imiphezulu yamatye ethe nkqo kwiimyuziyam ijongene nemingeni eyahlukileyo kuneyomgangatho. Uphahla lwedonga kunye neekholamu azigugi kodwa kufuneka zihambelane nebali lezakhiwo zemyuziyam. Iiphaneli zodonga ze-travertine ezinemiphezulu egcweleyo neyomeleleyo zibonelela ngemvelaphi efudumeleyo nenesitayile kubugcisa banamhlanje, ngelixa iikholamu zemabula ezikhazimlisiweyo zikhumbuza ubuhle boyilo lwemyuziyam yakudala.
Ukufakwa eludongeni ngamatye kwiimyuziyam kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kokukhanya.IZiko leeNdalo zeLityeInika isikhokelo esineenkcukacha zokugqitywa komphezulu wamatye kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, iqaphela ukuba iindawo ezikhazimlisiweyo zenza ukukhanya okunokuphazamisa uyilo lokukhanya kwegalari. Ukugqitywa okucociweyo okanye okuxutyiweyo kunciphisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo ngelixa kongeza ubutyebi obuchukumisayo ngaphakathi kwimyuziyam.
Iiphaneli ze-mosaic zemabula ezenziwe ngesandlazichazwa ngakumbi kwiindonga zeempawu zemyuziyam, apho zisebenza njengemisebenzi yobugcisa yokwakha ngokwayo. Ezi zinto zifakelweyo zemosaic zinokubonisa imiboniso yembali, iipatheni ezingabonakaliyo, okanye uphawu lweziko, zidala ubuwena obahlukileyo kwindawo nganye yemyuziyam.
IiPlinths kunye neePedestals zokubonisa imisebenzi yobugcisa
Iiplanga kunye neesekomente zemiboniso yelitye zisebenza njengesiseko semifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nezinto zakudala kwiigalari zemyuziyam. Iimyuziyam zisebenzisa iiplanga zelitye ukuphakamisa izinto ziye kubude obufanelekileyo bokubukela ngelixa zibonelela ngobunzima obubonakalayo obuqinisa umboniso. Ukukhetha izinto zeplanga zemiboniso kufuneka kuqwalasele ubunzima bento eboniswayo, ubudlelwane obubonakalayo phakathi kwepedemente kunye nomsebenzi wobugcisa, kunye neemfuno zozinzo lwesakhiwo.
Iintsika zamatye zokubonisa imyuziyam zihlala zenziwe ngemabula okanye ilitye lekalika ezinemiphetho ecwebezelayo engahambelaniyo nobugcisa obubonisiweyo. Ubukhulu beentsika bulandela ubude obuqhelekileyo bokubonisa imyuziyam, kwaye umphezulu uhlala ubekwe kwiisentimitha ezingama-40–42 ukusuka emgangathweni ukuze kubonwe kakuhle. Iintsika zamatye zinokuyilwa ngentsimbi eqinisiweyo yangaphakathi ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokhuseleko lokuzamazama komhlaba kwiindawo ezinobungozi bokunyikima komhlaba.
Iindawo zokwamkela iindwendwe kunye neendawo zokwamkela iindwendwe zikawonke-wonke
Iindawo zokwamkela iindwendwe kwiMyuziyam zisebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokunxibelelana phakathi kweendwendwe kunye neziko, zifuna imiphezulu yamatye ebonisa isigxina kunye nokubaluleka kwenkcubeko.Iimedallions zemabula zeWaterjet kunye nemidaZihlala zifakelwa kwiingcango zemyuziyam, nto leyo edala iindawo ezijolise kuzo ezimisela ulwimi loyilo lweziko liphela.
Ilitye le-lobby kufuneka linyamezele uxinano olukhulu lwezithuthi zabakhenkethi, kuquka neendawo ezime emgceni apho iindwendwe ezimileyo zenza ukuba kubekho ukuguguleka okuxineneyo. I-granite exineneyo okanye i-quartzite lobbies ezineenkqubo ze-wax ezibingelelwayo zibonelela ngokuqina okufunekayo kwezi ndawo zichaphazeleka kakhulu. Ikhawuntara yamatikiti kunye neendawo zedesika yolwazi zihlala zenziwe ngelitye elifanayo nomgangatho okufutshane, kunye nomphetho oqinisiweyo ukuze umelane nokuthambekela kunye nokudibana kwemihla ngemihla.
Ukwenziwa nokufakwa okulungele ukulondolozwa
Ukwenziwa kwamatye kwiimyuziyam kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwiimfuno zolondolozo lwexesha elizayo. Iinkqubo zokufakela eziguqukayo zivumela ukuba izinto zamatye ezonakeleyo zitshintshwe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izinto ezikufutshane—into ebalulekileyo kumaziko angenakuvala iigalari ixesha elide.Iingcali zokuqopha amatyeUkusebenza kwiiprojekthi zemyuziyam kubhala iiparamitha zokwenza ngokuchanekileyo, okuvumela ukuveliswa kwakhona kwezinto ezonakeleyo emva kweminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka.
II-Getty Conservation Instituteipapasha izikhokelo zokulondolozwa kwamatye kumaziko enkcubeko, kuquka neenkqubo zokucoca, ukulungisa, kunye nokutshintsha. Ezi zikhokelo zigxininisa ukungenelela okuncinci kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezihambelanayo ezingakhawulezisiyo ukuwohloka kwamatye. Ukulandela ezi nkqubo kuqinisekisa ukuba ukufakwa kwamatye emyuziyam kuhlala kulungiselelwa ubomi bonke beziko.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Leliphi ilitye elifanelekileyo lomgangatho wemyuziyam xa kukho izithuthi ezininzi?
I-granite exineneyo enesiphelo esihonjisiweyo yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokubeka umgangatho wemyuziyam onabantu abaninzi. I-granite inika ukumelana nokurhawuzelelwa okugcina umgangatho uqinile kangangeminyaka emininzi, ngelixa ukugqitywa okuhonjisiweyo kuhambelana nemigangatho yokumelana nokutyibilika. I-granite enemibala emnyama ayibonakalisi iimpawu zokuguguleka ezininzi kunamatye akhanyayo kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi abathengisa izinto.
Imigangatho yemyuziyam yamatye igcinwa njani ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi yegalari?
Ukugcinwa kwamatye emyuziyam kulandela ishedyuli ehlengahlengisiweyo ehambelana nokujikeleza kwemiboniso. Ukumopha okomileyo imihla ngemihla kususa uthuli olurhabaxa. Ukumopha okumanzi veki nganye ngesicoci esingena-pH kuthintela ukungcola okuqokelelweyo. Ukucoca okunzulu nokuvala kwakhona rhoqo ngonyaka kwenzeka ngexesha apho kungekho ndwendwe zingayi kutyelela kakhulu, ngesiqhelo ngoJanuwari ukuya kuFebruwari kumaziko amaninzi.
Ngaba iintsika zamatye zinokuyilwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokhuseleko lwenyikima?
Iiplanga zamatye zinokubandakanya iinkqubo zokuqinisa intsimbi yangaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zokubambelela ezisisiseko ezihlangabezana neemfuno zekhowudi ye-seismic. Iiplanga zemiboniso yemyuziyam ezingaphezu kwe-36 intshi ubude zihlala zifuna ukubalwa kokuthintela i-seismic. Iinkqubo zokwahlukanisa ezingaphantsi kwesiseko zivumela iiplanga zamatye ukuba zihambe ngokuzimeleyo ngexesha leziganeko ze-seismic ngaphandle kokuwisa izinto ezibonisiweyo.
Ngaba uhlobo lwelitye luchaphazela imeko-bume yolondolozo lweegalari zeemyuziyam?
Imiphezulu yamatye ifunxa kwaye ikhuphe ubushushu kancinci, nto leyo enegalelo ekuzinzeni kobushushu kwiigalari zeemyuziyam. Nangona kunjalo, iintlobo ezithile zamatye zinokuchaphazela iimeko zemozulu encinci. Amatye anemingxuma anokufunxa umswakama aze awukhulule kancinci, nto leyo edala utshintsho lomswakama kwindawo ethile. Izinto ezingenamingxuma ezifana negranite zikhethwa kwiindawo ezigcina izinto ezibuthathaka kumswakama.
Yeyiphi indlela ecetyiswayo kwiindonga zamatye zemyuziyam kufutshane nemisebenzi yobugcisa?
Iimpahla ezihonjisiweyo okanye ezixutyiweyo zikhethwa kakhulu kwiindonga zamatye ezikufutshane nemisebenzi yobugcisa ebonisiweyo. Ezi mpahla zinciphisa ukukhanya okunokuphazamisa ukukhanya kwegalari kwaye zinike ukuzola okubonakalayo okuqondisa ingqalelo kwizinto ezibonisiweyo. Iimpahla ezihonjisiweyo kufuneka zilinganiselwe kwiindawo ezingasondelanga ngqo kwimisebenzi ebonisiweyo.
Ihlala ixesha elingakanani umgangatho wamatye osemgangathweni wemyuziyam ngaphambi kokuba utshintshwe?
Umgangatho wegranite ochazwe kakuhle nogcinwe kakuhle kwiimyuziyam unokuhlala iminyaka engama-50-75 ngaphambi kokuba kufuneke ukutshintshwa. Umgangatho wemarble kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi uhlala iminyaka engama-25-40 ngokugcinwa rhoqo. Ukukhethwa kwamatye kwinqanaba lokumisela kumisela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi benkonzo—izixhobo ezikhethwe ngezizathu zobuhle zodwa zihlala zifuna ukutshintshwa kwangaphambili kunezo zikhethiweyo kucingelwa idatha yendlela.
Iingxelo Zangaphandle: I-American Alliance of Museums | I-Getty Conservation Institute | IZiko leeNdalo zeLitye
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-22-2026