Iindaba - Ukufanisa Amatye Enkundla YaseTshayina: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesithethe Nezinto Zanamhlanje

Malunga noMbhali

UGqr. Liu Wei, uMlawuli we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone

I-PhD kwiSayensi yeZinto eziBalulekileyo ngokuchwetheza kubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kwamatye. Iphuhlise iindlela zokusebenza zemveliso ezixutyiweyo ezidibanisa ukukrola kwendabuko kunye nokuzisebenzela kwe-CNC kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezingaphezu kwe-180. Ipapashe uphando malunga neepateni zokunxiba izixhobo ekuchwethezeni amatye kwiJournal of Materials Processing Technology.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

Uyilo lwamatye entendelezweni yaseTshayina, aneengcambu ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-2,000, ludibanisa iimpawu zenkcubeko kunye nobunjineli bezakhiwo obuqinisekiswa luvavanyo lwanamhlanje. Ilitye lihlala lithatha i-15 ukuya kwi-25% yendawo yomphezulu wentendelezo kwiindlela zemveli zoyilo, umlinganiselo ohambelana neeprojekthi zanamhlanje. I-Bluestone kunye ne-granite zibonelela nge-pavement eqinileyo kwimozulu efumileyo, ngelixa i-limestone yaseTaihu isaxatyiswa ngenxa yeendlela zayo eziqingqiweyo. Ukuchazwa ngokutsha kwanamhlanje kunokutshintsha ukugqunywa kwamatye ukuya kwi-30 ukuya kwi-40% ngelixa kugcinwa ibhalansi yokubona ngokukhetha ngononophelo izinto. Ukulungiswa kwesiseko ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokutywinwa kwandisa ubomi benkonzo ngaphaya kweminyaka engama-50 kwii-pavers zamatye entendelezweni.

Uyilo lwentendelezo yaseTshayina lumele enye yezona zithethe zakudala zokwakha eziqhubekayo kwihlabathi, apho ilitye lisebenza njengezinto zalo ezihlala ixesha elide. Ukususela kwiindlela zelitye lekalika zeegadi zabafundi beMing ukuya ekufakweni kweendawo zanamhlanje, ilitye lendalo lichaze ubudlelwane phakathi kwezakhiwo ezakhiweyo kunye nendalo. **Umngeni ojongene nabayili banamhlanje usekwe ekugcineni ubunyani benkcubeko ngelixa udibanisa izixhobo zanamhlanje kunye neendlela zokwakha.** Ngokutsho kweGetty Conservation Institute, ngaphezulu kwe-70% yezakhiwo zegadi zaseTshayina zembali zibandakanya izinto zamatye zemveli ezifuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo lolondolozo ukuze zigcinwe. Esi sikhokelo sihlola indlela imigaqo yemveli yokufanisa amatye entendelezo yaseTshayina enokulungiswa ngayo kwiiprojekthi zanamhlanje zokuhlala kunye neendwendwe.

Izinto zelitye zeNtendelezo yaseTshayina kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwenkcubeko

**Izithethe zamatye egadi yaseTshayina zilandelela emva kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-2,000,** kunye namakhosi ahlukeneyo athanda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye. Ilitye lekalika laseTaihu, elimbiwe kufutshane neLake Tai kwiPhondo laseJiangsu, lixatyiswe ukususela kubukhosi baseTang ngenxa yemifanekiso yalo ebolileyo neyimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ebonisa ubuhle beTao bokungafezeki kwendalo. Amatye e-Scholar (gongshi), amatye abolileyo ngokwendalo aboniswa ngokwahlukeneyo, amele ingcamango kaConfucian yokucamngca okucwangcisiweyo. Ezi zithethe zamisela imigaqo eqhubekayo nefuthe ekukhethweni kwamatye entendelezweni yaseTshayina namhlanje.

I-Bluestone (qingshi), ilitye lelitye elixineneyo okanye ilitye lesanti, inika izinto eziqinileyo zokuhombisa ezifumaneka kwiinkundla ezigcinwe kakuhle kulo lonke elaseSuzhou naseBeijing. Iithoni zalo ezingwevu-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zinomoya ococekileyo, zivelisa i-patina erekhoda amashumi eminyaka yokuhamba ngeenyawo. Iindidi zegranite eziquka iperile yaseTshayina kunye ne-sesame white zazisetyenziswa kwimbali kwizinto zokwakha ezifana namanyathelo, ii-plinths, kunye nezinto zebhulorho ngenxa yokuba amandla azo oxinzelelo angaphezulu kwe-19,000 psi. Olu khetho lwezinto lwalungelulo oluzenzekelayo—**lubonakalise ukuqonda okunzulu kweempawu zamatye eziqinisekiswa bubunjineli banamhlanje.**

Imigaqo yoYilo lokuFanisa amatye eNtendelezo yaseTshayina

Ibhalansi yeHardscape kunye neSoftscape kuYilo lweLitye leGadi yeMveli

Umgaqo osisiseko ngesiTshayinaukufanisa amatye egadiyibhalansi phakathi kwezinto ze-yin (ezithambileyo, eziphilayo) kunye ne-yang (eziqinileyo, ezakhiweyo). **Ilitye limele i-yang—ehlala ihleli, eyakhiweyo, kwaye ichaziwe.** Kufuneka ilinganiswe ngamanzi, izityalo, kunye nendawo evulekileyo. Uphando lwe-Getty Conservation Institute kwiigadi zakudala zaseSuzhou luqinisekisa ukuba ilitye lihlala kwi-15 ukuya kwi-25% yendawo yomphezulu wentendelezo kwiindlela zemveli, umlinganiselo abakhi bezakhiwo zanamhlanje abanokuwubhekisa kumlinganiselo wokwenyani.

Ukuchazwa ngokutsha kwanamhlanje kudla ngokutshintshela eli nani ukuya kwi-30 ukuya kwi-40% yokwambathiswa kwamatye ukuze kuhambelane neepateni zokuphila zanamhlanje, ifenitshala yangaphandle, kunye nokuhamba kwezithuthi. Isitshixo kukugcina ulungelelwano lokubona ngokukhetha ngononophelo izinto. Iithoni zamatye ezikhaphukhaphu zenza ubunzima obungabonakaliyo, zivumela ukugquma okuphezulu ngaphandle kokugqithisa indawo. Amatye amnyama, anobume obuninzi afuna umlinganiselo ophantsi wokwambathiswa ukugcina ingqiqo yendabuko yokuvuleka.

Iipateni zePathway kunye nePaving Stone zoYilo lweNtendelezo yaseTshayina

Iindlela kwiigadi zemveli zaseTshayina zilandela iipateni ezithile zokubeka. Uphahla oluyingxande olungaqhelekanga (i-binglie) lusebenzisa iziqwenga zamatye ezingangqalanga ezidityaniswe ngaphandle kwesithuba esilinganayo samalungu, nto leyo eyenza imbonakalo yendalo. Uphahla oluyimifuziselo (i-hua pu) lubeka amatye kwiimotifs ezifuziselayo—iingqekembe, amalulwane, okanye iipateni zejiyometri—ezibonisa ukuchuma kunye nethamsanqa. **Zombini ezi ndlela zibeka phambili ukungalungelelani ngaphezu kokufana,** zibonisa ukungalingani kwendalo okuxatyiswa kubuhle baseTshayina.

Kwizicelo zanamhlanje, iiphaneli zamatye ezidibeneyo ezine-CNC-cut ngokuchanekileyo zifezekisa ukungaqhelekanga kokubonakala kweendlela zemveli ngelixa zihlangabezana neemfuno zesakhiwo sanamhlanje. Uphando lweNational Building Museum malunga nezixhobo zendalo ezizinzileyo luphawula ukuba iipave zamatye ezinokulungiswa kwesiseko esifanelekileyo zinokufezekisa ubomi benkonzo obudlula iminyaka engama-50 kwizicelo zentendelezo, xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20 kwezinye iindlela zekhonkrithi.

Ukufanisa amatye eNkundla yaseTshayina (2)

Ukudibanisa Izinto zeLitye zeMveli kunye noYilo lwanamhlanje

Ukukhethwa Kwamatye KwiiPalettes Zombala Zenkundla Yanamhlanje

Imibala yelitye lentendelezo yaseTshayina—engwevu-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, engwevu efudumeleyo, kunye nemhlophe-engacacanga—ihlala ibalulekile kuyilo lwanamhlanje kodwa inokongezwa ziintlobo eziqinileyo. Igranite emnyama enzulu inika umahluko omkhulu kwiindonga ezimhlophe, into eqhelekileyo kwiindlela zanamhlanje eziphefumlelwe bubuhle bedolophu yamanzi yaseJiangnan. Amatye entlabathi afudumeleyo e-beige enza imvelaphi ezolileyo efanelekileyo kwiindlela ezincinci zoyilo lwentendelezo. **Ubushushu bombala welitye kufuneka buhambelane nezinto zokwakha:** iingwevu ezipholileyo zifanela ikhonkrithi kunye neglasi, ngelixa iingwevu ezifudumeleyo zihambelana nomthi kunye neplasta yendalo.

Ukukhethwa kokugqitywa komphezulu kuchaphazela zombini inkangeleko kunye nokusebenza. Ukugqitywa okutsha okanye okufakwe ngesando sehlathi kubonelela ngendawo engatyibilikiyo yokutyibilika ngaphandle ngelixa kudala amava okuchukumisa ahlula ilitye lendalo kwezinye iindlela ezenziweyo. Ukugqitywa okucwengileyo kubonelela ngendawo ecocekileyo yezinto zokuhlala kunye neetafile. Umahluko phakathi kokutyibilika okurhabaxa kunye neziqwenga ezithambileyo ze-accent kudala uluhlu olubonakalayo olukhokela intshukumo kwindawo yentendelezo.

Iindonga zeMpawu zeLitye njengeendawo eziJoliswe kwiNkundla

Iindonga ezibalaseleyo kuyilo lwanamhlanje lwentendelezo yaseTshayina zifumana ugqozi kudonga lwesikrini lwendabuko (yingbi) olwaluvala imimoya emibi ngelixa lubonelela ngobumfihlo obubonakalayo. Iinguqulelo zanamhlanje zisebenzisa amatye aqingqiweyo, iiphaneli zemabula ezifaniswe nencwadi, okanye iiphaneli zokukhulula eziqingqiweyo ukudala iindawo ezijolise kwigumbi langaphandle. Ukufakelwa kwamatye aphakamileyo kufuneka kudityaniswe nobunjineli bezakhiwo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nobunzima, ngokuqhelekileyo iikhilogram ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-18 ngenyawo yesikwere kwi-veneer yamatye eyi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 sentimitha.

Iimpawu zamanzi ezidityaniswe nelitye zenza amava entendelezweni aneemvakalelo ezininzi. **Isandi samanzi ahamba phezu kweendawo zamatye ezithambileyo sigquma ingxolo yasezidolophini ngelixa sipholisa imozulu encinci.** ISebe lezaMandla laseMelika libika ukuba iimpawu zamanzi ezilungiselelwe kakuhle zinokunciphisa ubushushu obuphakathi nge-5 ukuya kwi-8°F kwindawo ezikufutshane nazo ngokupholisa ngokuphuma komphunga, okwenza izinto zamanzi ezifakwe ngamatye zibe zezongezo ezintle nezisebenzayo kwiintendelezweni zanamhlanje.

Ifenitshala yelitye kunye nezinto zokuhombisa kwiindawo zeNkundla

Izihlalo zelitye, iitafile, kunye nezinto zokuhombisa zigqibezela ukwakheka kwentendelezo. Iidrama zelitye zemveli kunye neebhentshi zinokutolikwa ngokutsha kwiimo zanamhlanje kusetyenziswa izinto ezifanayo. Iindlela zokuqopha ilitye zivumela izinto zokuhombisa ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezithwala imifanekiso yenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuveliswa kwakhona kwembali. Iiphaneli zokukhulula eziqingqiweyo ze-CNC ezineepateni ezilula zelifu, amaza, okanye iintaba zibonelela ngamanqaku okubhekisa kwinkcubeko ngelixa zigcina ukucaca kobuhle banamhlanje.

Ubunzima befenitshala yelitye bufuna ukuqwalaselwa kokubekwa kwayo kunye ne-substrate. Iziqwenga ezidlula iikhilogram ezingama-200 kufuneka zibekwe kwiziseko zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo kunokuba zibekwe ngqo kwiipaver. Uyilo lwefenitshala yelitye eliyimodular ngoku luvumela ukulungiswa kwakhona okulula ngelixa kugcinwa ubunzima kunye nophawu oluhlala luhleli lwelitye. Ukudibanisa izinto phakathi kwefenitshala kunye nepaver ecaleni kudala ubunye obubonakalayo, ngelixa umahluko obodwa utsala ingqalelo kwiziqwenga ngazinye.

Ukufanisa amatye eNkundla yaseTshayina (1)

Ukugcinwa kunye nobude bexesha lokufakelwa kwamatye eNkundla

Imiphezulu yamatye entendelezweni evezwe kwiimeko zangaphandle ifuna iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokugcinwa. Ukucoca ngexesha lonyaka ngezicoci zamatye ezingenayo i-pH kuthintela ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo kwiindawo ezifumileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwesitywina rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-3 kwigranite ezixineneyo kwaye minyaka le kwisanti enemingxuma kukhusela ekungcoleni nasekuguguleni. **Izikhokelo zeGetty Conservation Institute zembaliilitye legadiNdicebisa ukuba ungawahlambi ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu olungaphezulu kwe-1,200 psi,** okunokususa amatye athambileyo kwaye konakalise iileya zesitywini.

Kwimiboniso yelitye le-limestone yendabuko yaseTaihu, iingcali zolondolozo zicebisa ukuhlolwa minyaka le ukuze zibone ukuba i-biological colonization kunye nokuqhekeka kwesakhiwo kunjani. Ukufakelwa kwentendelezo yanamhlanje kuyanceda kuyilo oluphuculweyo lokuhambisa amanzi kunye nokulungiswa kwe-substrate okunciphisa ukuwohloka okunxulumene namanzi. Ukulungiswa kwesiseko ngokufanelekileyo kunye neengqimba ezixineneyo kunye nemibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi kwandisa ubomi benkonzo yendlela yamatye kakhulu, njengoko kubhaliwe kuphando loyilo lwendalo.

Hlola iimveliso zelitye leNkundla yaseTshayina ezinxulumene noko

Kwizisombululo zendlela yentendelezo, iindlela zeslabhu yemarble yendalo zibonelela ngezinto eziqinileyo zokuhombisa ezinemibala efudumeleyo yekhrimu. Iikholamu zamatye zokuhombisa zisebenza njengeempawu zokungena zesitayile sendabuko okanye iindawo zokugxila egadini. Iiphaneli zepilaster eziqingqiweyo ezineenkcukacha zokuhombisa zongeza iireferensi zenkcubeko ezicociweyo kwiindonga zentendelezo. Izinto zokuhombisa ezenziwe ngelitye zihambelana nentendelezo ngeempawu zokuhombisa.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga Nokufaniswa Kwamatye Enkundla YaseTshayina

Q1: Luhlobo luni lwelitye olusebenza kakuhle kwi-paving yegadi yesintu yaseTshayina kwiimeko zemozulu ezifumileyo?

Iintlobo zeBluestone (qingshi) kunye negranite zezona zifanelekileyo kakhulu kwi-paving yemozulu efumileyo. La matye axineneyo afunxa umswakama ongaphantsi kwe-0.20% ngobunzima, exhathisa umonakalo wokunyibilika komkhenkce kunye nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo. Amatye e-limestone athambileyo kunye namatye esanti afuna ukulungiswa ngakumbi kwiimeko ezimanzi. Ukugqitywa okutsha okanye okufakwe ngesando kuphucula ukumelana nokutyibilika kwe-paving yangaphandle kwiindawo ezinemvula.

Umbuzo 2: Uyilo lwentendelezo yanamhlanje lunokubandakanya njani ubuhle belitye lemveli laseTshayina ngokwenene?

Ukuhlanganiswa okuyinyani kugxile kwimigaqo kunokuzala ngokuchanekileyo. Gcina umlinganiselo we-15 ukuya kwi-25% wamatye ukuya kwigadi ukusuka kwiigadi zakudala. Sebenzisa amatye avela kwindawo apho kunokwenzeka khona. Faka i-asymmetry yendalo kwiipateni zokuhombisa. Khetha imibala engwevu-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye engwevu efudumeleyo njengemibala ephambili. Yongeza into enye yesalathiso senkcubeko-njengodonga oluqingqiweyo lwesikrini okanye ilitye lesazi-kunokuba ugcwalise indawo ngeenkcukacha zexesha.

Umbuzo 3: Bungakanani ubukhulu obucetyiswayo beepave zamatye zentendelezo ukuthintela ukuqhekeka?

Kwizicelo zeenkundla zabahambi ngeenyawo, iipaver zamatye kufuneka zibe nobukhulu obuyi-3 cm kwigranite kunye ne-4 cm kumatye athambileyo njengesanti. Iindawo zokufikelela kwiimoto zifuna ubukhulu obuyi-5 cm. Ukulungiswa kwesiseko esifanelekileyo kunye ne-15 cm ye-aggregate edibeneyo kunye ne-3 cm yesanti yokubeka ibhedi kubalulekile nokuba ubukhulu bepaver bunjani, njengoko uninzi lokuqhekeka lubangelwa kukungabikho kwesiseko esifanelekileyo endaweni yokungabi nabukhulu bamatye.

Umbuzo 4: Ngaba ilitye le-limestone lendabuko laseTaihu lingasetyenziswa kwiindlela zanamhlanje zoyilo lwentendelezo, kwaye livela phi?

Ilitye lekalika laseTaihu lisekho kwiiprojekthi zanamhlanje, nangona ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo lunokunqongophala kokumba. Amatye abuyiselweyo ekuhlaziyweni kwezakhiwo anika enye indlela yokuziphatha. Kwiindawo ezintsha zokufakelwa, iilitye lekalika ezifanayo ezinemingxuma ezivela kwezinye iindawo zokumba zaseTshayina zibonelela ngobuhle obufanayo. La matye afuna ukutywinwa ngokuchasene nokudaya kwaye akufuneki abekwe kwiindawo apho iityuwa zokucoca okanye amanzi aphuma kwi-asidi anokudibana nawo.

Umbuzo 5: Ukukhethwa kwamatye entendelezweni kuyichaphazela njani intuthuzelo yobushushu yangaphandle ehlotyeni?

Iindawo ezimnyama zamatye zifunxa imisebe yelanga engaphezulu kwaye zinokufikelela kumaqondo obushushu angama-20 ukuya kuma-30°F ngaphezulu komoya ongqongileyo ngeentsuku ezinelanga. Iigranite ezikhanyayo kunye neelitye zelitye zibonisa ubushushu obuninzi, zigcina amaqondo obushushu obungaphezulu kufutshane nendawo engqongileyo. Iindawo ezivuthayo okanye ezithambileyo zinciphisa ukufunxwa kobushushu xa kuthelekiswa nokugqitywa okukhazimlisiweyo kombala ofanayo. Imithi yomthunzi, ii-canopies, okanye iimpawu zamanzi ezikufutshane ne-pavement yelitye zinokunciphisa ubushushu bomhlaba nge-10 ukuya kwi-15°F.

Umbuzo 6: Yeyiphi eyona nto iqiniswe ngamatye eqinileyo kwifenitshala yentendelezo kunye nezinto zokuhlala?

Iifinishi ezihonjisiweyo okanye ezinesikhumba zibonelela ngokuqina okungcono kwifenitshala yelitye echatshazelwe yimozulu. Iifinishi ezipolishiweyo ziyatyibilika xa zimanzi kwaye zibonise ukurhawuzelelwa yimvula ene-asidi. Iifinishi ezivuthayo, nangona zihlala ixesha elide, zinokuba nzima ukuhlala kuzo. I-granite kunye ne-basalt exineneyo ziyacetyiswa ngaphezu kwe-marble kwifenishi yangaphandle ngenxa yokumelana okuphezulu kwamabala kunye neemfuno eziphantsi zokugcinwa. Ukuvalwa konyaka kukhusela ekuguguleni nasekuguguleni.

Isiphelo

Ukufanisa amatye entendelezweni yaseTshayina kumela incoko phakathi kobulumko bamandulo kunye noyilo lwangoku. Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko yezinto zemveli ezifana neTaihu limestone kunye nebluestone, kunye nokusebenzisa imigaqo yokulinganisela i-yin-yang, ukugubungela ngokulinganayo, kunye nokungalingani kwendalo, abayili banamhlanje banokudala iindawo zentendelezo ezihlonipha isiko ngelixa behlangabezana nemigangatho yokusebenza kunye nobuhle banamhlanje. Ukusuka kwiipateni zendlela ukuya kwiindonga kunye nefenitshala, into nganye yelitye inegalelo kwindawo edibeneyo yangaphandle edibanisa ilifa kunye nolwanamhlanje.