Iindaba - Ukugqitywa kwelitye elivuthayo: Isikhokelo esipheleleyo sobuhle obuqinileyo belitye lendalo

Malunga noMbhali

UGqr. Liu Wei, uMlawuli we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone

I-PhD kwiSayensi yeZinto eziBalulekileyo kunye nobuchwephesha bokwenziwa kwamatye. Uphuhlise iindlela zokusebenza zemveliso ezixutyiweyo ezidibanisa ukukrola kwendabuko kunye nokuzisebenzela kwe-CNC kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezingaphezu kwe-180. Upapashe uphando malunga neepateni zokunxiba izixhobo ekuchweni amatye kwiJournal of Materials Processing Technology.

Kwindlela yokulungisa amatye okwakha, ukugqitywa komphezulu kuchaza zombini iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye nokusebenza. Phakathi kweendlela ezininzi zonyango ezikhoyo, ukugqitywa kwamatye avuthayo kukwindawo eyahlukileyo—okubonelela ngomphezulu onobume obuthambileyo, onganyangekiyo otyhila ubuhle obuluhlaza belitye lendalo. Olu nyango lobushushu, olusetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-granite kunye namatye athile aqinileyo, ludala inkangeleko erhabaxa, eqhekekileyo ngokwendalo efanelekileyo kwiindawo zangaphandle kunye neendawo zangaphakathi. Ngokwe-US Geological Survey's Mineral Commodity Summaries, i-granite yayimalunga ne-48% yemveliso yamatye obukhulu e-United States ngo-2023, kunye nokugqitywa kobume obuthambileyo obumele icandelo elikhulayo leenkcukacha zokwakha.

Iyintoni iFried Stone Finish? Inkcazo kunye neNkqubo yoBushushu

Ukugqitywa kwelitye elivuthayo—okubizwa ngokuba kukugqitywa kobushushu okanye okutshisiweyo—lunyango lomphezulu oludalwa ngokutyhilailitye lendalokubushushu obugqithisileyo obuphakathi kwe-2,000°F kunye ne-2,500°F (1,093°C ukuya kwi-1,371°C). Olu bushushu bugqithisileyo lubangela ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwekristale, okunyanzela iinkozo zeminerali ukuba zahlukane kwaye zivelise ubume oburhabaxa, obuqhekekileyo obunokumelana okubalaseleyo kokutyibilika.

Le nkqubo ifuna iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zetotshi zepropane ezinobushushu obuphezulu ezidlula phezu komphezulu welitye ngesantya esilawulwayo ngelixa izixhobo zokukhupha ubushushu kunye nenkunkuma yemizi-mveliso zisusa ubushushu kunye nenkunkuma. Abasebenzi kufuneka bagcine umgama ohambelanayo kunye nesantya sokuhamba ukuze bafumane ubume obufanayo. Emva kokutshisa, ukuxubha kususa amasuntswana akhululekileyo ukuze kubonakale umphezulu orhabaxa, ongakhanyiyo ogcina umbala welitye ngaphandle kokukhanya okukhazimlayo.

Izinto Ezifanelekileyo Ukwenziwa Komphezulu Welitye Elivuthayo

Ayizizo zonke iilitye zendalo ezisabela kakuhle kunyango olushushu. I-Granite ihlala ikwimeko ephambili ngenxa yokuba inomxholo ophezulu we-quartz kunye ne-feldspar. I-Basalt ikwavelisa iindawo ezintle kakhulu xa zitshiswa. Ezinye iintlobo ze-quartzite zinokunyangwa, nangona iziphumo zahlukile ngokwendlela eziqulathwe ngayo iiminerali. Amatye anomxholo ophezulu we-carbonate—i-marble, i-limestone, kunye ne-travertine—i-calcine okanye atshintshe umbala xa kushushu kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba angafaneleki. Kula matye athambileyo, ukuqhumisa isanti okanye ukubethela izihlahla kunika ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo.

Ukugqitywa kwelitye elivuthayo Isikhokelo esipheleleyo sobuhle obuqinileyo belitye lendalo.(1)jpg

Indlela Ilitye Elivuthayo Elithelekiswa Ngayo Nezinye Izinto Ezigqityiweyo Zobuso

Isiphelo esikhazimlisiweyo sinika ukukhanya okuphezulu kunye nobunzulu bombala kodwa siba mdaka xa simanzi, nto leyo ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwaso kwiindonga zangaphakathi nakwiikhawuntara. Isiphelo esikhazimlisiweyo sinika umphezulu omdaka onengozi encinci yokutyibilika. Isiphelo esikhazimlisiweyo sinika ukumelana okuphezulu kokutyibilika phakathi kweempawu zelitye eziqhelekileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwiindlela zangaphandle zokuhombisa, iindawo ezijikeleze ichibi, kunye neendlela zokungena zorhwebo. Isiphelo esenziwe ngesanti senza ubumdaka ngokusebenzisa isandi sokubethela amatye angenakukwazi ukumelana nobushushu. Isiphelo esenziwe ngesanti sinikezela ngobunzulu obuhlengahlengiswayo kodwa sinokuguga ngakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukusetyenziswa koMphezulu weLitye elivuthayo kwiZakhiwo kunye nokuHlela iNdawo

Iindawo zokuHamba ngaphandle kunye neendawo ezijikeleze ichibi

Ubume oburhabaxa begranite evuthayo bubonelela ngokumelana okungaqhelekanga kokutyibilika, nokuba imanzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu kwiindlela, kwiindlela zokungena, nakwiindawo ezijikeleze ichibi. Imigangatho ye-ASTM International C1028 ibonisa ukuba igranite evuthayo idla ngokufikelela kwii-coefficients zokungqubana ezidlula i-0.8 xa yomile kunye ne-0.6 xa imanzi—iphezulu kakhulu kune-0.5 ubuncinci ecetyiswayo kwiindawo zokuhamba ezifikelelekayo. Umphezulu uhlala upholile phantsi kwelanga elithe ngqo, njengoko ubume obungaqhelekanga busasaza imitha yelanga endaweni yokuyibeka kwindawo ebanzi.

Iindlela zokungena zorhwebo kunye neendawo zikawonke-wonke

Imithetho kamasipala kwiindawo ezininzi ichaza amaxabiso aphantsi okuchasana nokutyibilika kwiingcango zezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, nto leyo eyenza i-granite evuthayo ibe lukhetho oluhambelana nomthetho. Umphezulu orhabaxa umelana nokuguguleka okurhabaxa ngaphandle kokwenza iipatheni zendlela ezikhazimlisiweyo. Abayili bezakhiwo zendalo badla ngokuchaza amatye avuthayo kwizinyuko, kwiindawo zokufika, nakwiindawo ezithe tyaba apho ukhuseleko lufuna iindawo ezirhabaxa.

Iindonga zeZinto zangaphakathi kunye neendawo ezijikeleze umlilo

Iingubo ezitshisiweyo zifumene ukutsala kuyilo lwangaphakathi lweendonga ezinomtsalane kunye neendawo ezijikelezileyo zendlu yomlilo apho umahluko ochukumisekayo wongeza ubunzulu. Ubume oburhabaxa buhambelana nezinto ezigudileyo ezifana neglasi kunye nesinyithi. Kwizinto ezisetyenziswa kwindawo yomlilo, ilitye elingatshiyo kunye neendawo ezisele zisetyenzisiwe zisusa iingxaki zokuwohloka kobushushu. Abayili kufuneka baqwalasele ukuqokelelwa kothuli kumphezulu otyunjiweyo xa bechaza izinto ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi.

Iinkcukacha zeFlamed Finish kunye neMigangatho yoShishino

I-ASTM C615 icacisa iimfuno ezisemgangathweni zelitye lobukhulu begranite, kubandakanya ubuncinci beparameters zeendawo ezitshayo: ukufunxwa kwamanzi okuphezulu yi-0.40%, ubuncinci be-160 lb/ft³, kunye namandla okuxinzelela ubuncinane yi-19,000 psi. I-Natural Stone Institute ipapasha izikhokelo zokuchaza ukugqitywa okutshayo kuquka namaxabiso acetyiswayo okurhabaxa. Abachazi-magama kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ilitye elitshayo liyahlangabezana neemfuno zekhowudi yesakhiwo sendawo ezibhekiselele kule migangatho yoshishino.

Ukugqitywa kwelitye elivuthayo Isikhokelo esipheleleyo sobuhle obuqinileyo belitye lendalo.(2)

Ukuqina kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide kwelitye elirhabaxa elivuthayo

Uphando luqinisekisa ukuba i-granite evuthayo igcina ukusebenza kwayo iminyaka engama-30 ukuya kwengama-50 kwiindlela zangaphandle. Unyango lobushushu aluyiphazamisi imbonakalo yesakhiwo—lutshintsha kuphela iimilimitha ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-3 eziphezulu zomphezulu. Kwiimeko zemozulu ezinyibilikayo, iintlobo ze-granite ezifunxa amanzi ngaphantsi kwe-0.20% zinceda kakhulu ekumelaneni neqhwa. Ukufakwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokukhupha amanzi kunye nomthambeka owaneleyo kuthintela ukuqokelelana kwamanzi okunokubangela umonakalo wokunyibilika komkhenkce.

Iimveliso kunye nezixhobo zelitye ezinxulumene noko

Kwiiprojekthi ezifuna ukuhombisa okufana nomphezulu ovuthayo, iimveliso zokuqoshwa kwelitye lendalo zibonelela ngokuhombisa okuhambelanayo. Ukukhetha ilitye lee-fireplaces kunika umahluko ocoliweyo wangaphakathi. Iikholamu zamatye oyilo oluneziseko ezivuthayo zenza uyilo oludibeneyo olutshintsha ngokulula phakathi kweendawo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi.

Ukugqitywa kwelitye elivuthayo Isikhokelo esipheleleyo sobuhle obuqinileyo belitye lendalo.(3)

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga Nokugqitywa Kwelitye Elivuthayo

Q1: Ngaba ukugqitywa okuvuthayo kungafakwa kwimabula okanye kwilitye lekalika xa kusetyenziswa ngaphandle?

Ukugqitywa okuvuthayo akukhuthazwa kwimabula, ilimestone, okanye itravertine. La matye asekelwe kwikhabhoni anyibilika aze atshintshe umbala xa evezwe kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-1,000°F. Ukuze kufezwe umphezulu othambileyo kwezi zinto, iindlela zokwenza izinto ezifana nokubethelela izihlahla okanye ukuqhumisa isanti zivelisa iziphumo ezingcono. I-Granite, i-basalt, kunye ne-quartzite ekhethiweyo zihlala zizezona zixhobo ziphambili zonyango oluphumelelayo lomlilo.

Umbuzo 2: I-granite evuthayo ithelekiswa njani nethayile ye-porcelain enemibala eyahlukeneyo yokuhombisa ngaphandle?

I-granite evuthayo inika ukuqina okuphezulu kunye namandla okucinezelwa angaphezulu kwe-19,000 psi, ngelixa i-porcelain idla ngokuba phakathi kwe-13,000 ukuya kwi-17,000 psi. Umbala we-granite yendalo emzimbeni uthetha ukuba ukuguguleka komphezulu akubonisi ii-substrates ezahlukeneyo, ngokungafaniyo neethayile ezikhazimlisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-porcelain ixabisa malunga nama-30 ukuya kuma-50 ekhulwini ngaphantsi. Ukhetho luxhomekeke kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, iimfuno zokusebenza, kunye neenjongo zoyilo lwexesha elide.

Umbuzo 3: Luluphi ulondolozo olufunekayo kwilitye elivuthayo xa kufakelwa ngaphandle?

Ilitye elivuthayo lifuna ukucocwa rhoqo ngebrashi eqinileyo kunye nesicoci esikhuselekileyo selitye ukususa inkunkuma ebambeke kumphezulu otyumkileyo. Ukufakwa kwesitywini rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-3 kukhusela ekungcoleni. Ukuhlamba ngombane ngoxinzelelo oluphantsi (800 ukuya kwi-1,200 psi) kususa ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola okuqokelelweyo ngaphandle kokonakala komphezulu. Izicoci ezine-asidi kufuneka ziphetshwe kuba zinokuqhekeza ilitye okanye zonakalise ukusebenza kwesitywini.

Umbuzo 4: Ngaba isiphelo esivuthayo sibiza kakhulu kune-granite epholishiweyo?

Ukugqitywa okuvuthayo kudla ngokongeza i-15 ukuya kwi-25% kwiindleko zokwenziwa ngenxa yeemfuno zezixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye namazinga emveliso acothayo. Le nkqubo ifuna abasebenzi abanobuchule kunye nomoya ococekileyo. Uhlalutyo lomjikelo wobomi ludla ngokuthanda ukugqitywa okuvuthayo kwizicelo zangaphandle apho ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo lususa isidingo sonyango oluchasene nokutyibilika. Iindleko zolondolozo ziyafana phakathi kokugqitywa okubini.

Umbuzo 5: Ngaba inkqubo yokutshiswa kobushushu iyawenza buthathaka ubulungisa besakhiwo selitye?

Xa kwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kwizinto ezifanelekileyo, ukutsha akuchaphazeli ukuqina kwesakhiwo. Ukutshayelwa kobushushu kunqunyelwe kwi-1 ukuya kwi-3 millimeters ephezulu yomphezulu. Uvavanyo olubanzi lwe-ASTM luqinisekisa ukuba i-granite etshayelwe ngokufanelekileyo igcina iimpawu zayo zokuqala zoxinzelelo kunye namandla okugoba. Ubunzulu bokungena kobushushu buxhomekeke kwixesha lomlilo kunye nokuqhuba kobushushu belitye.

Umbuzo 6: Ngaba ilitye elivuthayo lingasetyenziswa neenkqubo zokufudumeza umgangatho ezikhazimlayo?

Ilitye elivuthayo lisebenza kakuhle xa lifudunyezwa likhanya. Ubunzima bobushushu begranite bufunxa kwaye bugcina ubushushu ngokufanelekileyo, ngelixa umphezulu othambileyo uphucula ukudluliselwa kobushushu xa kuthelekiswa neethayile ezigudileyo. Iiprofayili ezincinci (12 ukuya kwi-15 mm) ziyacetyiswa ukuze kudluliselwe ubushushu ngcono. Ukujikeleza kobushushu kwiinkqubo ezikhanyayo akuchaphazeli ukuqina okanye inkangeleko yegranite evuthayo.

Isiphelo

Ukugqitywa kwelitye elivuthayo kunika indibaniselwano eyahlukileyo yobuhle obuqinileyo, ukumelana nokutyibilika okuphezulu, kunye nokuqina kwexesha elide okungekho zinye iindlela zonyango zomphezulu ezinokuthi zilingane. Nokuba kuchazwe kwi-paving yangaphandle, ukungena kwezorhwebo, okanye iindonga zeempawu zangaphakathi, i-flamed granite inika abakhi bezakhiwo kunye nabayili isisombululo esiguquguqukayo, esithobela ikhowudi esisebenza ngokuthembekileyo amashumi eminyaka. Ngokuqonda inkqubo yobushushu, ukukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokulandela iinkcukacha zoshishino, abakhankanyi banokusebenzisa amandla apheleleyo olu kugqitywa kwelitye elimangalisayo kwiprojekthi yabo elandelayo.