Iindaba - Isicelo seYacht Club Stone: Imingeni ekhethekileyo yokusingqongileyo kolwandle

Malunga noMbhali

UGqr. Liu Wei, uMlawuli we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone

I-PhD kwiSayensi yeZinto eziBalulekileyo ngokuchwetheza kubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kwamatye. Iphuhlise iindlela zokusebenza zemveliso ezixutyiweyo ezidibanisa ukukrola kwendabuko kunye nokuzisebenzela kwe-CNC kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezingaphezu kwe-180. Ipapashe uphando malunga neepateni zokunxiba izixhobo ekuchwethezeni amatye kwiJournal of Materials Processing Technology.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

Iiklabhu zeenqanawa zifuna ukufakwa kwamatye okumelana neendawo ezingqonge unxweme ezirhabaxa ngelixa zigcina ubuhle obutofotofo. Ukwakheka kwetyuwa kuvelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olungaphezulu kwe-100 MPa ngaphakathi kweembobo zamatye—olwaneleyo ukuqhekeza iintlobo ezininzi zamatye. I-granite ecoliweyo enokufunxwa kwamanzi ngaphantsi kwe-0.20% inika ukuqina okugqwesileyo kwexesha elide kwiindlela zokusetyenziswa elwandle. Ukufaka i-silane/siloxane sealers ezinomxholo osebenzayo ubuncinane we-40% kudlula ukugqunywa komphezulu kwiindawo ezingqonge unxweme. Ukugcinwa kwangaphambili kunciphisa iindleko zokubuyisela ixesha elide ngoqikelelo lwe-40-60% xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokusabela.

Iiklabhu zeenqanawa zinendawo ekhethekileyo kuyilo lwezakhiwo zokwamkela iindwendwe—kufuneka zimelane neemeko ezingqonge unxweme ezinobungozi ngelixa zibonelela ngobuhle obucokisekileyo obulindelwe ngabathengi abakumgangatho ophezulu. **Indawo yolwandle inezisongelo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ekufakweni kwamatye: ukuvezwa kwamanzi anetyuwa okubangela ukubola kweekhemikhali, ukujikeleza komswakama okukhuthaza ukufunxwa komswakama, kunye noxinzelelo loomatshini oluvela kumoya wolwandle kunye nentshukumo yamaza.** Ngokutsho kwe-US Naval Research Laboratory, izakhiwo zonxweme zifumana amanqanaba okuvezwa kwe-chloride ngaphezulu ngokuphindwe kalishumi ukuya kuma-50 kunezakhiwo zangaphakathi, zifuna iindlela zokukhetha izinto ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo. Esi sikhokelo sihlola imingeni ethile yokusetyenziswa kwamatye eklabhu yeenqanawa kwaye sibonelela ngezisombululo ezisekelwe kubuchwephesha kwiinkcazo zamatye omgangatho wolwandle.

Isicelo seYacht Club Stone Imingeni ekhethekileyo yokusingqongileyo kolwandle (3)

Ukuqonda Ukonakala Kwendalo Esingqongileyo YolwandleIlitye leNdalo

**Indlela yokudilika kwamatye aselwandle iqala ngokuqiniswa kwetyuwa.** Amanzi anetyuwa angena kwiimbobo ezincinci kumphezulu welitye. Xa amanzi ephuma umphunga, iikristale zetyuwa zenzeka ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sembobo, nto leyo edala uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oludlula i-100 MPa—olwaneleyo ukuqhekeza iintlobo ezininzi zamatye. I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ibika ukuba izakhiwo eziselunxwemeni ezikwiimitha ezingama-500 ukusuka elunxwemeni zifumana amazinga okufakwa kwetyuwa ukusuka kwi-1,000 ukuya kwi-5,000 mg/m² ngosuku, nto leyo ekhawulezisa ukudilika xa kuthelekiswa neendawo ezingaphakathi elizweni.

Ukujikeleza kobushushu kunye nomswakama kuyayibangela ingxaki. **Ukuguquguquka kwemihla ngemihla kobushushu baselunxwemeni kuqhuba ukwandiswa okuphindaphindiweyo kunye nemijikelo yokuncitshiswa.** Imigangatho yovavanyo lokugqwala kolwandle ye-ASTM International iqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo ezikwiindawo ezikunxweme zifumana uxinzelelo oluphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu lokujikeleza kobushushu kunalezo zikwimeko yangaphakathi ezinzileyo. Olu kujikeleza kobushushu ngokuthe ngcembe luyenza buthathaka isakhiwo samatye kwinqanaba le-microscopic, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhekekeni komphezulu kunye nokulahleka kweenkcukacha kwizinto eziqingqiweyo kwiminyaka eli-10 ukuya kwengama-20.

Iikhrayitheriya zoKhetho lweLitye kwiZicelo zeNdalo yoLwandle

I-Granite: Eyona ndlela iphambili yoKuhlala ixesha elide kwiYacht Club Stone

Kwizicelo zeeyacht club, i-**granite iseyeyona ntlobo yamatye inokuthenjwa ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esixineneyo sekristale kunye nokuxinana okuphantsi.** Iintlobo zegranite ezifunxa amanzi ngaphantsi kwe-0.20% kunye nomxholo wequartz odlula i-20% zibonisa ukumelana okungcono komonakalo wekristale yetyuwa. I-Black galaxy, i-brown brown, kunye ne-absolute black granites zirekhode iirekhodi zokusebenza ezidlula iminyaka engama-30 kwizicelo zaselunxwemeni xa zivaliwe kwaye zigcinwe kakuhle.

Ukukhethwa kwegranite kwiindawo zaselwandle kufanele kubeke phambili uxinano lweenkozo kunokukhethwa kombala. Iigranite ezicoliweyo ezinesakhiwo sekristale esifanayo zibonelela ngeendlela ezimbalwa zokungena komswakama kuneentlobo ezicoliweyo. Uvavanyo ngokwe-ASTM C97 lokufunxwa kwamanzi kunye ne-ASTM C170 yamandla okuxinwa lubonelela ngedatha esisiseko yovavanyo lokufaneleka kolwandle. Iigranite ezinamazinga okufunxwa angaphezu kwe-0.40% kufuneka zigcinelwe ukusetyenziswa ngaphakathi, okukhuselekileyo kwizibonelelo zeklabhu yeenqanawa.

Imida yeMarble kunye neLimestone kwiindawo ezikunxweme

**Imabula kunye nelitye lekalika zizisa imingeni ebalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwamatye eklabhu yeenqanawa ngenxa yokuba zinobuthathaka kwi-asidi kwaye zinoburhabaxa obuphezulu.** Amatye asekelwe kwi-calcite asabela emanzini emvula ane-asidi—aqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezikunxweme—abangela ukugrumba komphezulu okonakalisayo ukubonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha. Izinga lokunyibilika kwiindawo ezikunxweme linokufikelela kwi-0.1 ukuya kwi-0.3 mm ngeshumi leminyaka kwimabula engakhuselekanga, oku kukhawulezisa kwiindawo apho kucocwa rhoqo okanye kuvezwa amanzi echibini aphathwe yi-chlorine.

Ukuba imabula imiselwe iindawo zeklabhu zangaphakathi zeenqanawa kude nokuvezwa kwetyuwa ngqo, iintlobo eziqinileyo ezifana neCalacatta okanye iStatuario ezine-resin reinforcement zibonelela ngokusebenza okuphuculweyo. Ukugqitywa okucociweyo endaweni yokuba iindawo ezikhazimlisiweyo zibonisa ukugrumba kwaye zigugile kancinci. Ukugcinwa rhoqo kubandakanya ukucoca okungena-pH kunye nokutywinwa konyaka akunakuxoxiswana ngemabula kwiindawo ezikunxweme, nokuba ibekwe njani ngaphakathi.

Iindlela ezizezinye zeZitye kunye nePorcelain ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiMarina

Imiphezulu ye-quartz kunye neethayile ze-porcelain ezilungisiweyo zibonelela ngezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kweklabhu ye-yacht apho ilitye lendalo lijongene nemingeni engenakunqotshwa. **Iitayile ze-porcelain ezikumgangatho we-PEI 5 kunye nokufunxwa kwamanzi okungaphantsi kwe-0.10% zinokulingana nembonakalo yelitye lendalo ngelixa zibonelela ngokumelana okuphezulu kweekhemikhali kwiikhemikhali zedama, izinto zokucoca, kunye nokuvezwa kwetyuwa.** Ezi zixhobo zifanelekile ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezijikeleze idama kunye nemiphezulu yebha emanzi apho ukumelana nokutyibilika kunye nokuqina kweekhemikhali zezona zinto ziphambili.

Isigqibo phakathi kwelitye lendalo kunye nezinye iindlela ezenziwe ngobunjineli kufuneka siqwalasele imeko ethile yesicelo. Kwii-bar tops nakwiindawo zenkonzo yokutya, i-quartz eyenziwe ngobunjineli ibonelela ngokungabikho kwemarble yokumelana namabala. Kwiindonga zeempawu kunye neendawo zokwamkela kude nokuvezwa kwetyuwa ngqo, ilitye lendalo lizisa ubunyani obuchaza ubuhle beklabhu yeenqanawa zodidi oluphezulu. Indlela edibeneyo yokudibanisa zombini iindidi zezinto idla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo ngokubanzi.

Isicelo seYacht Club Stone Imingeni ekhethekileyo yokusingqongileyo kolwandle (1)

Inkqubo yoNyango loKhuseleko kunye neSitywino seLitye laseLwandle

Ii-Impregnating Sealers vs. Ii-Surface Coatings ze-Coating Stone

**Ukukhethwa kwe-sealer kuchaphazela kakhulu ubomi belitye kwiindawo zaselwandle.** Ii-sealer ezifunxayo zingena kwisakhiwo selitye kwaye zifake iikhompawundi ze-hydrophobic eludongeni lwe-pore, zivumela umphunga womswakama ukuba uphume ngelixa zithintela ukungena kwamanzi. Ezi sealer zikhethwa kwiindawo zaselwandle kuba azibambi umswakama ngaphakathi kwelitye—indlela eqhelekileyo yokusilela kweengubo zomphezulu ezenza ifilimu eziphuma phantsi kokukhanya kwe-UV elunxwemeni.

Iingubo zomphezulu, kuquka iinkqubo ze-epoxy kunye ne-polyurethane, zibonelela ngomqobo onzima kodwa ziyasilela kakhulu xa umswakama uvaleleka phantsi kwazo. Kwiindawo zeenqanawa apho ukujikeleza komswakama kuhlala kuhleli, ukungaphumeleli kweengubo kudla ngokuvela kwiminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-5. **Izikhokelo zolawulo lokugqwala kwe-US Navy zicebisa ukuba kufakwe ii-silane/siloxane sealers ezinomxholo osebenzayo we-40% ubuncinci ukukhusela amatye aselunxwemeni,** ziphinde zisetyenziswe emva kweenyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezingama-24 kuxhomekeke ekubeni zingakanani na.

Ukufakela Iindlela Ezilungileyo Zokusebenza KwiMarina NaseLwandle Lwamatye

Indlela yokufaka kufuneka iqwalasele iimfuno zokwandiswa kwentshukumo yelitye lonxweme. Iindawo zokwandisa kufuneka zibekwe kwiindawo eziziimitha ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-8—kufutshane nomgangatho wesithuba seenyawo ezili-10 ukuya kwezi-12 zokufakelwa kwangaphakathi. Zonke izixhobo zokudibanisa kufuneka zibe yi-silicone yodidi lwe-marine okanye i-polyurethane sealants enganyangekiyo kwityuwa kunye nokubola kwe-UV. I-caulking eqhelekileyo iyonakala kwisithuba seenyanga ezili-12 xa ichaphazeleka elunxwemeni kwaye akufuneki ichazwe.

Ukulungiswa kwe-substrate kwiindawo zaselwandle kufuna ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo lokufuma. I-membrane yomqobo womphunga elinganiselwe ukusetyenziswa elunxwemeni kufuneka ifakwe phantsi kwayo yonke indawo yamatye kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Kwiidekhi eziphakamileyo kunye nee-terraces, iinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi ezinezixhobo ezimelana nokugqwala zithintela ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi phantsi kofakelo lwamatye. Incwadi yesikhokelo yeBhunga leeTile laseMntla Melika inika izikhokelo ezithile zokufakelwa kwamatye okusingqongileyo kolwandle, kubandakanya iintlobo zedaka ezifunekayo kunye namaxesha okunyibilika.

Iishedyuli zoLondolozo oluQhelekileyo lweMiphezulu yamatye eYacht Club

**Ixesha lokugcinwa kwamatye eeklabhu zeenqanawa lidlula elo lezakhiwo zangaphakathi ngesantya se-2 ukuya kwi-3.** Ukuhlanjwa kwemihla ngemihla kwamanzi acocekileyo kwiindawo ezivezwe yityuwa kuthintela umonakalo wekristale. Ukucoca rhoqo ngeveki ngezicoci zamatye zaselwandle ezingathathi cala ze-pH kususa ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neediphozithi zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlolwa kwekota kobungqingqwa be-sealant kuchonga imiba ekhulayo ngaphambi kokuba ifune ukulungiswa okubanzi. Uvavanyo lonyaka lobuchwephesha oluquka ukufundwa kwemitha yomswakama lulandelela imeko yelitye ngendlela echanekileyo.

Ukuphindaphinda kokulungiswa kuxhomekeke kwizithuthi kunye namanqanaba okuvezwa. Iindawo zokungena ezinabantu abaninzi zinokufuna ukuhlaziywa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5. Iindonga zangaphakathi ezikhuselweyo zinokugcina inkangeleko iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Umahluko ophambili kulondolozo lwangaphakathi kukugxininisa ekuthinteleni—**umonakalo wetyuwa uqokelelana ngokungabonakaliyo iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ubonakale, apho ke ukulahleka okukhulu kwamatye sele kwenzeke.** Ukhathalelo olusebenzayo lunciphisa iindleko zokulungisa ixesha elide ngama-40 ukuya kuma-60%.

Isicelo seYacht Club Stone Imingeni ekhethekileyo yokusingqongileyo kolwandle (2)

Hlola iKlabhu yeeYacht enxulumeneyoIimveliso zelitye

Kwimihombiso yangaphakathi yeklabhu yeenqanawa, ukhetho lweslabhu yemarble ekhazimlisiweyo lubonelela ngemihombiso yodonga entle kunye neendawo zekhawuntara. Ibhafu yamatye kunye nezinto zespa zibonelela ngeenkonzo zespa zodidi oluphezulu kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo zangaphakathi. Iimedallions zemarble zeWaterjet zenza izinto eziphambili zomgangatho kwiindawo zokuphumla zeklabhu yeenqanawa. Ubugcisa bodonga bemarble mosaic bubonelela ngeendawo zokuhombisa kwiindawo zokwamkela iindwendwe kunye neendawo zokutyela.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga nesicelo seYacht Club Stone

Umbuzo 1: Ngaba imabula ingasetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwiindawo zeeklabhu zeenqanawa kufutshane nolwandle?

I-marble ingasetyenziswa kwiindawo zangaphakathi zeeyacht club ezikhuselweyo ekuchaphazekeni ngqo kwamanzi anetyuwa, njengeendawo zokwamkela iindwendwe, amagumbi okutyela, kunye neepaseji. Ukugqitywa okucoliweyo kuyacetyiswa ukuba kupholishwe kakhulu. Ukuvalwa konyaka nge-silane sealer efaka amanzi kuyimfuneko. I-marble akufuneki ichazwe kwiindawo zangaphandle, kwiindawo ezijikeleze ichibi, okanye kwiindawo ezine-spray yetyuwa ngqo. I-granite lukhetho olukhuselekileyo kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokufaka ngaphakathi kweemitha ezingama-50 ukusuka emanzini.

Umbuzo 2: Loluphi uhlobo lwelitye olungcono kakhulu kwiidekhi zangaphandle zeeyacht club pool kunye neeterrace?

I-granite ecolekileyo efunxa amanzi ngaphantsi kwe-0.20% yeyona ndlela ilungileyo kwiidekhi zedama kunye nee-terraces. Ukugqitywa okutsha okanye okufakwe ngesando sehlathi kubonelela ngokumelana nokutyibilika okuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-ADA xa kumanzi. I-granite emnyama ngokupheleleyo, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okanye yesilivere yeeperile zibonelela ngobuhle obahlukeneyo. Amalungu okwandisa kwisithuba seenyawo ezi-6 avumela intshukumo yobushushu. I-sealer yokufaka i-impregnating kufuneka isetyenziswe kwakhona rhoqo kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuze kukhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Umbuzo 3: I-salt spray yonakalisa njani ngokukodwa ukufakelwa kwamatye endalo?

I-spray yetyuwa yonakalisa ilitye ngoxinzelelo lwe-crystallization. Amanzi anetyuwa angena kwiimbobo ezincinci; xa amanzi ephuma umphunga, iikristale zetyuwa ziyakhula ngaphakathi kwiimbobo, zivelise uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olungaphezulu kwe-100 MPa. Olu xinzelelo luqhekeza ilitye ngaphakathi, lubangele ukuqhekeka komphezulu, ukuqhekeka, kunye nokulahleka kweenkcukacha eziqingqiweyo. Izinga lomonakalo liyanda ngobushushu, ukujikeleza komswakama, kunye nokuchitheka kwamaza ngqo. Ukucoca ngokuthintela kunye nokuvala ngokufanelekileyo zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokulwa.

Umbuzo 4: Loluphi uhlobo lwe-sealer olubonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono lokufakelwa kwamatye aselunxwemeni?

Ukufunxa izitywini ze-silane/siloxane ezinomthamo osebenzayo ongama-40% kubonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono. Ezi zitywini zingena kwilitye kwaye zenze imingxunya yemingxunya engangeni manzi ngaphandle kokuvala umphezulu. Ngokungafaniyo neengubo ezenza ifilimu, zivumela umphunga womswakama ukuba uphume, zithintele umonakalo womswakama ovalelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezingama-24 kugcina ukusebenza kakuhle. Iingubo zomphezulu ezifana ne-epoxy kufuneka ziphetshwe njengoko zibamba umswakama kwaye zinyibilike phantsi kokukhanya kwe-UV elunxwemeni.

Umbuzo 5: Kukangaphi kufuneka kugcinwe umgangatho wamatye eklabhu yeeyacht ngobuchwephesha?

Ulondolozo lobuchwephesha kufuneka lulandele ishedyuli emiselweyo: ukuhlanjwa kwamanzi acocekileyo imihla ngemihla kwiindawo ezivezwe yityuwa, ukucoca i-pH engakhethi cala rhoqo ngeveki, ukuhlolwa kobungqingqwa be-sealer rhoqo ngekota, uvavanyo lobuchwephesha lonyaka kuquka ukufundwa komswakama. Ukuphindaphinda kokulungiswa kuxhomekeke kwitrafikhi: iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5 yokungena kwabantu abaninzi, iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwemi-7 kwiindawo zokutyela, iminyaka eli-10 nangaphezulu kwiindonga ezikhuselweyo. Ulondolozo lokuthintela lunciphisa iindleko zexesha elide ngama-40 ukuya kuma-60% xa kuthelekiswa nolungiso olusebenzayo.

Umbuzo 6: Ngaba ezinye iindlela zamatye ezenziwe ngobunjineli zingcono kunelitye lendalo kuzo zonke izicelo zaselwandle?

I-quartz kunye ne-porcelain ezilungisiweyo ziphumelela kakhulu kunelitye lendalo kwizicelo ezithile: iindawo ezijikelezileyo zedama, imivalo emanzi, iindawo zenkonzo yokutya, kunye nayo nayiphi na indawo evezwe kwiikhemikhali zedama. Kwiindonga ezibonakalayo, iidesika zokwamkela iindwendwe, kunye nezinto zokuhombisa zangaphakathi, ilitye lendalo libonelela ngobuhle obuphezulu kunye neempawu zobushushu. Indlela exutyiweyo yokukhetha izinto ngokweemeko ezithile zokuvezwa ivelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo ngokubanzi. Izigqibo kufuneka ziqwalasele zombini iimfuno zokusebenza kunye neenjongo zoyilo.

Isiphelo

Ukuchaza ilitye lendalo kwiindawo zaselwandle zeklabhu yeenqanawa kufuna indlela eyahlukileyo ngokusisiseko kunokufakela amatye aqhelekileyo. Ukusuka ekukhetheni igranite ebeka phambili uxinano lweenkozo kunye nokuxinana okuphantsi ukuya kwiinkqubo zokutywina ezifunxayo ezimelana netyuwa kunye nokuvezwa yi-UV, isigqibo ngasinye kufuneka siqwalasele iimeko ezirhabaxa zonxweme. Ngokulandela iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha izinto, iindlela ezilungileyo zokufakela, kunye neeshedyuli zokulungisa ezichazwe kwesi sikhokelo, abakhi bezakhiwo kunye nabacacisi banokunikezela ngokufakelwa kwamatye eklabhu yeenqanawa asebenza ngokuthembekileyo amashumi eminyaka ngelixa begcina ubuhle obuphezulu obulindelwe ngabathengi babo.